Chemorheological response of elastomers at elevated temperatures: Experiments and simulations

An experimental study and a method for simulating the constitutive response of elastomers at temperatures in the chemorheological range (90–150 1C for natural rubber) are presented. A comprehensive set of uniaxial experiments for a variety of prescribed temperature histories is performed on natural rubber specimens that exhibit finite elasticity, entropic stiffening with temperature, viscoelasticity, scission, and oxygen diffusion/reaction effects. The simulation approach is based on a multi-network framework for finite elasticity, isothermal incompressibility, thermal expansion, and temperature-induced degradation. The model extends previous work to account for kinetics of scission for arbitrary time-varying temperature histories and incorporates the effects of viscoelastic relaxation and diffusionlimited oxidative scission. The model is calibrated to experiments performed on a commercially-available filled natural rubber material, and numerical simulations are compared favorably to experiments for a variety of temperature histories. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.